Joints of the lower limb
The hip
- Synovial ball and socket joint
- Articulation occurs between head of femur and acetabulum of the hip
bone
- Articular surface is horseshoe-shaped and deficient at acetabular
notch
- Cavity is deepened by rim of fibrocartilage knows as the acetabular
labrum
- Articular surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage
- Capsule is strengthened by ligaments
- Iliofemoral ligament
- Pubofemoral ligament
- Ischiofemoral ligament
- Transverse acetabular ligament
- The nerve supply is from the femoral, obturator and sciatic nerves
Movements
- Flexion
- Iliopsoas
- Rectus femoris
- Sartorius
- Extension
- Gluteus maximus
- Hamstring muscles
- Abduction
- Gluteus medius and minimus
- Tensor fascia lata
- Piriformis
- Adduction
- Adductor longus
- Adductor fibres of the adductor magnus
- Lateral rotation
- Piriformis
- Obturator internus and externus
- Quadratus femoris
- Medial rotation
- Anterior fibres if gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus
- Tensor fasciae lata
The ankle
- Synovial hinge joint
- Articulation occurs between the lower end of tibia, the two malleoli
and body of talus
- Articular surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage
- Capsule is thin and allows large range of movement
- Capsule is strengthened by ligaments
- Medial or deltoid ligament
- Anterior talofibular ligament
- Calcaneofibular ligament
- Posterior talofibular ligament
- The nerve supply is from the deep peroneal and tibial nerves
Movements
- Dorsiflexion
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor hallucis longus
- Extensor digitorum longus
- Peroneus tertius
- Plantar flexion
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- Plantaris
- Peroneus longus
- Peroneus brevis
- Tibialis posterior
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Inversion and eversion take place at the tarsal joints
Anatomical relations
- Structures that pass superficial to extensor retinacula
- Saphenous nerve
- Long saphenous vein
- Superficial peroneal nerve
- Structures that pass deep to extensor retinacula
- Tibialis anterior tendon
- Extensor hallucis longus tendon
- Anterior tibial artery
- Deep peroneal nerve
- Extensor digitorum longus
- Peroneus tertius
- Structures that pass behind medial malleolus deep to flexor
retinaculum
- Tibialis posterior tendon
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Posterior tibial artery
- Tibial nerve
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Structure that pass behind the lateral malleolus superficial to
superior peroneal retinaculum
- Sural nerve
- Short saphenous vein
- Structure that pass behind the lateral malleolus deep to superior
peroneal retinaculum
- Peroneus longus tendon
- Peroneus brevis tendon
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