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Autoimmune thyroiditis
H. Hashimoto (1881-1934) Japanese surgeon born in the village of Midau, Nishi-tsuge in the Mie Prefecture, Japan. He and his family were medical practitioners and he entered the new medical school at Kyushu University in 1903. He was one of the first graduates of the University in 1907 and then worked in the surgical department with Professor Hauari Miyake from 1908-1912 and wrote his MD. thesis on "Struma lymphomatosa". Since his account was published in a German surgical journal, his compatriots were unaware of his discovery. After obtaining his MD he went to Europe, spending 3 years in Berlin, Gottingen and London, and paid particular attention to renal tuberculosis. When World War I broke out he returned to Japan, and because his father died, went straight into the family practice and rapidly became a prosperous surgeon with a very highly regarded reputation especially for major abdominal surgery. He published two further papers, one on erysipelas and the other on penetrating wounds of the chest. He was a very fervent Buddhist and was fond of traditional Japanese theatre. He died of typhoid.

The nerve trunk supplying a joint also supplies the overlying skin and the muscles that move the joint
J Hilton (1804-1878) English surgeon and anatomist, born in Castle Hedingham in Essex. He commenced at Guy's Hospital in 1824 and gained his MRCS in 1827 and was appointed demonstrator in anatomy. In 1844 he was appointed assistant surgeon and ultimately resigned from the hospital in 1870. A very skilful observer and shrewd clinically, he could interest students in the most mundane topics and always managed to find some point overlooked by others. He was no scientist and opposed and ridiculed Darwin's ideas and although his rounds and lectures were always crowded, he was not liked by many students, whom he often hurt by sarcasm and jokes at their expense. His book "Rest and Pain" is still a classic.

Dilation of the colon due to lack of ganglion cells, causing obstruction at the rectum
H Hirschsprung (1830-1916) Danish paediatrician, he was born in Copenhagen and graduated in medicine there in 1855. He gained an official university teaching post in 1861 and in 1870 was appointed Head Physician at the Queen Louise Children's Hospital in Copenhagen. He became Professor of Paediatrics in 1877 until he retired in 1904. He published in many areas of paediatrics including intussusception, rickets, rheumatic nodules and the disease to which his name is attached, which he reported in 1887. Although other patients had been reported earlier, his was by far the most convincing account in which he described two children under the age of 12 months with clear descriptions of the clinical aspects and autopsy findings.

Ptosis, meiosis, enophthalmos and reduction of sweating due to a lesion of the cervical sympathetic nerve.
J F Horner (1831-1886) Swiss ophthalmologist, born in Zurich. He commenced medicine in 1849 and was greatly influenced by the physiologist Carl Ludwig. He graduated in 1854 and then visited Munich and Vienna, becoming interested in ophthalmology. He worked with von Graefe and a close friendship resulted. He studied in Paris with Desmarres and returned to Zurich. In 1862 he was appointed Professor of Ophthalmology. He established (1876) that a man with a red-green colour blindness transmitted this anomaly to his male grandchildren through his daughter who was not colour blind (i.e. sex linked transmission).